Stanley Bruce Powell, Niceville, Fla., for plaintiffs-appellants.
Michael P. Finney, Asst. U.S. Atty., Pensacola, Fla., for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida.
Before RONEY and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges, and BROWN*, Senior Circuit Judge.
RONEY, Circuit Judge:
Norris Flowers was a sergeant on active duty in the United States Air Force stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. When driving his civilian automobile home from a personal errand to the grocery store during his off-duty hours, he collided with a United States Air Force bus driven by an Air Force employee who was attempting to make an improper U-turn. Injured in the accident, Flowers sued the United States for the negligence of an Air Force employee under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1346(b). The district court concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Flowers' claim under Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 71 S.Ct. 153, 95 L.Ed. 152 (1950). We affirm.
The Federal Tort Claims Act permits civil actions against the United States
for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.
28 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1346(b).
Beginning in 1948, the Supreme Court judicially created an exception, known as the Feres doctrine, precluding FTCA claims brought for injury to a member of the armed forces whose activity at the time of the injury is "incident to military service." United States v. Brown, 348 U.S. 110, 75 S.Ct. 141, 99 L.Ed. 139 (1954); Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 71 S.Ct. 153, 95 L.Ed. 152 (1950); Brooks v. United States, 337 U.S. 49, 69 S.Ct. 918, 93 L.Ed. 1200 (1948). The cases that have applied this doctrine are somewhat confusing, particularly as the courts have tried to anchor the doctrine to some dependable rationale.
In Parker v. United States, 611 F.2d 1007 (5th Cir.1980), this Court followed what has generally been accepted as the proper factual analysis that should be made in these cases, focusing on three factors that must be weighed to determine whether a serviceman was engaged in activity "incident to military service" at the time he was injured: the duty status of the service member, the place where the injury occurred, and the activity the serviceman was engaged in at the time of his injury. Id. at 1013-15.
We can decide this case without extended analysis. A chart of all the cases cited, showing each of these three factors, indicates that in every case where the facts were virtually the same as the case at bar, the court has held the Feres doctrine bars the action. We are attaching the chart as an appendix to this opinion so that counsel can observe the result of this kind of comparison.
In Mason v. United States, 568 F.2d 1135 (5th Cir.1978), Zoula v. United States, 217 F.2d 81 (5th Cir.1954), and Watkins v. United States, 462 F.Supp. 980 (S.D.Ga.1977), aff'd, 587 F.2d 279 (5th Cir.1979), the Feres doctrine was applied to bar the claims of active but off-duty service members who, like Flowers, were injured in collisions with military vehicles on a military reservation while engaged in personal business.
Flowers has cited no case with identical factors to his case which held the suit to be maintainable. In the case before us, the district court found that Flowers was on active duty with the Air Force at the time of his accident, which occurred when he was off duty for the day. Flowers' duty status was thus identical to that of the servicemen in Mason, Watkins, and Zoula.
Flowers' accident occurred at or near the intersection of Florida State Road 85 and Loblolly Road. State Road 85 is a public highway maintained and policed by the State of Florida but running across federally-owned Eglin Air Force Base reservation property. Loblolly Road runs from State Road 85 to Government-owned housing on the base. The intersection of State Road 85 and Loblolly Road, as well as all property within a radius of approximately one-half mile, is owned by the Department of the Air Force. Although the state and the military have concurrent jurisdiction over the road at that location, the driver of the Air Force bus that collided with Flowers was charged with a state traffic violation rather than a military violation. The state, however, only has an easement for the road across the federal property, and the Air Force retains a right to exercise complete control over the area if necessary.
In Mason, Watkins, and Zoula, the servicemen were injured in automobile accidents on roads within the confines of a military base. These decisions noted that military personnel are subject to military regulations and available for emergency service or temporary duty while on the military base, facts which add support to a court's determination that the servicemen were acting "incident to military service." See Mason, 568 F.2d at 1136; Zoula, 217 F.2d at 84; Watkins, 462 F.Supp. at 988. Similarly, Flowers' accident occurred on a road which, although open to the public, was within military reservation property. Flowers cites no cases which distinguish among roads running across military reservation property on the basis of whether or not the general public has access.
Flowers' collision occurred while he was driving home after a personal trip to the grocery store. Mason, Watkins, and Zoula all barred the claims of servicemen who were engaged in purely personal activities during their off-duty hours when they were injured. Flowers' activity at the time of his accident, although personal, arose out of his life on the military reservation as did the activities in Mason, Watkins, and Zoula.
It would not be useful to discuss the fine distinctions between these three cases and the other Feres doctrine cases. Stare decisis means that like facts will receive like treatment in a court of law. This panel may not disregard binding precedent absent an intervening Supreme Court or en banc circuit decision. Monroe County, Florida v. U.S. Dept. of Labor, 690 F.2d 1359, 1363 (11th Cir.1982).
Mason, Zoula and Watkins are all Fifth Circuit cases which are binding in this court. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir.1981). There is no principled way to decide that the action here can be maintained in the face of those cases. The case was properly dismissed as being barred under the Feres doctrine.
AFFIRMED.
APPENDIX
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Function
Being
Duty Performed
Status by
of Place Plaintiff
Service of Service Cause of Disposition
CASE Member Injury Member Injury of Claim
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Case Active State Road Personal Auto Accident
(off- across with Air
duty) federal Force
property bus
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brooks, 337 U.S. Furlough Public Personal Auto Action
------ Highway Accident Maintain-
able
49 (1949) with Army
truck
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feres, 340 U.S. Active 1) 1) In 1) Fire Actions
----- Barracks Quarters 2) Medical Dismissed
135 (1950) (3 2) Army 2) Operat- Malpractice
ion
cases) Hospital 3) Operat- 3) Medical
ion Malpractice
3) Army
Hospital
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brown, 348 U.S. Discharg- Hospital Operation Medical Action
ed
----- on Knee Malpractice Maintainab-
le
110 (1954) Which Was
Injured
While IP
on
Active
Duty
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parker, 611 F.2d Leave Road Personal Auto Action
------ Within Accident Maintainab-
le
1007 (5th Cir. Military with
1980) Reservati- Military
on
Vehicle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mason, 568, F.2d Active Road on Personal Auto Action
----- (off- Grounds Accident Dismissed
1135 (5th Cir. duty) of Naval with
1978) Air Military
Station Vehicle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Watkins, 462 Active Road Personal Motorcycle Action
------- within
F. Supp. 980 (off- Military Accident Dismissed
(S.D.Ga.1977), duty) Post with
aff'd, 587 F.2d Government
----- bus
279 (5th Cir.
1979)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ueaucoudray, 490 Active On board Service on Fell Action
----------- Coast cutter overboard Dismissed
F.2d 86 (5th Guard and
Cir. 1974) cutter drowned
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowe, 440 F.2d Active Army Elective Medical Action
---- Hospital Surgery Malpractice Dismissed
452 (5th Cir
1971)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shults, 421 F.2d Leave Navy Emegency Medical Action
------ Hospital Surgery Malpractice Dismissed
170 (5th Cir. after
being
1969) struck
by auto
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bankston, 480 Leave Public Surgery Medical Remanded
-------- Prior Health after Malpractice for
F.2d 495 (5th to Dicha- Service being determin-
rge ation
Cir.1973) struck of plain-
tiff's
Hospital by auto military
status
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zoula, 217 F.2d 81 Active Road within Personal Auto Accident Action
----- (perhaps Military with Dismissed
(5th Cir.1954) entitled Reservati- Military
on
entitled Vehicle
to a
pass)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Warner, 720 F.2d Active Road within Personal Motorcycle Action
------ (off- Military Accident Dismissed
837 (5th Cir. duty Base with
1983) Government
Vehicle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomason, 398 Active Road within Personal Motorcycle Action
--------
F.Supp. 500 (off- Military Accident Dismissed
(D.N.J.1975), duty) Post with
Military
aff'd, 539 F.2d Vehicle
-----
955 (3d
Cir.1976)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomas, 538 Active? Air Force Medical Medical Action
------ Hospital Treatme- Malpractice Dismissed
nt
F.Supp. 56
(M.D.Fla.1982)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Presson, 570 Active Army Post Psychiatr- Psychiatrist Action
ic
-------
F.Supp. 842 Treatme- Wilfully Dismissed
nt
(N.D.Ga.1983) Administered
Psychotropic
Drugs to
Create
Basis for
Discharging
IP
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hand, 260 F.Supp. 24 Hour Public Personal Auto Accident Action
---- Pass Highway with Army Maintain-
able
38 (M.D.Ga.1966) across Jeep
military
base
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mills, 499 F.2d Furlough Navy- Personal Motorcycle Action
866
----- maintained Accident; Maintain-
able
(9th Cir.1974) road Government
adjacent
to
naval negligent
depot
(open to in
public maintaining
use) road
Honorable John R. Brown, United States Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation
