This title was enacted by Pub. L. 98–89, § 1, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 500; Pub. L. 99–509, title V, subtitle B, § 5101, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1913; Pub. L. 100–424, § 6, Sept. 9, 1988, 102 Stat. 1591; and Pub. L. 100–710, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4735

Subtitle

Sec.

I.

GENERAL

101

II.

VESSELS AND SEAMEN

2101

III.

MARITIME LIABILITY

30101

[IV.

RESERVED]

V.

MERCHANT MARINE

53101

VI.

MISCELLANEOUS

70101

[BALANCE OF TITLE RESERVED]

Amendments

2003—Pub. L. 108–136, div. C, title XXXV, § 3531(b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1817, added item V.

2002—Pub. L. 107–295, title I, § 102(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2084, added item VI.

1988—Pub. L. 100–710, title I, § 102(b), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4738, amended title analysis generally, substituting “GENERAL” for “[Reserved—general]” in item I and adding item III.

Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title 46 [Former sections of Title 46 that are not included in Title 46, Shipping, as enacted by Pub. L. 98–89, subtitle B of title V of Pub. L. 99–509, section 6 of Pub. L. 100–424, and Pub. L. 100–710 and that have not been repealed are set out in the Appendix to Title 46 and retain the same section numbers.] Title 46 Former Sections Title 46 New Sections 1 Rep. 2 2103 3 Rep. 4 2105 5, 6 Rep. 7 2107 8 2108 9 (less (c)) 3316 9(c) 46 App. 11, 12 Rep. 13, 14 46 App. 15–41 Rep. 42 46 App. 43–56 Rep. 57 46 App. 58 Rep. 59 46 App. 60–63 Rep. 65(1) 2101(10) 65(2) 2101(11) 65(3) 2101(34) 65a 12113 65b 12102 65c 12114 65d 12115 65e 12103 65f 12116 65g 12104 65h 12105 65i 12106 65j 12107 65k 12108 65l 12109 65m 12110 65n 12122 65o 12111 65p 12112 65q 12117 65r 12118 65s 12119 65t 12120 65u 2107, 12122(a) 65v(1) 2104 65v(2) 12121 65w 12101 71 12102, 14102, 14104, 14501, 14502, 14504, 14511, 14521, 14522 72 14503 73, 74 Rep. 75 14512 76 Rep. 77 14502, 14512 78, 79 Rep. 80 (See former 660–1) 81 14306 82 3101 83 14502, 14513 83a–83g 14513 83h 14102 83i 14702 83j 14701 83k 2107 85–85g Rep. 86 5114, 5115 86a 5101 86b 5102 86c 5102, 5103, 5104, 5106 86d 5107 86e 5108 86f 5109 86g 5112 86h 5113 86i 5116 88 5102 88a 5104, 5108 88b 5103, 5107 88c 5112 88d 5109 88e 5112 88f 5113 88g 5116 88h, 88i Rep. 91 46 App. 91a–96 Rep. 97, 98 46 App. 99 Rep. 100 46 App. 101, 102 Rep. 103 Rep. 104 46 App. 105–110 Rep. 111 46 App. 112, 113 Rep. 121–125 46 App. 126, 127 Rep. 128, 129 46 App. 130, 131 Rep. 132–135 46 App. 141–146 46 App. 151–162 Rep. 163 46 App. 170 3306(a)(5), Rep. in part 170(14) 2106 170a, 170b Rep. 171–175 Rep. 178, 179 Rep. 181–183 46 App. 183a Rep. 183b–196 46 App. 201 11301 202 11302 203 11303 211 8501(a) 212 8501(b) 213 8501(c), (e) 214 7101 214(c) 7106 215 8501(d), 8502 216(a) 9301(2) 216(b) 2101(34) 216(c) 9301(3) 216(d) 9301(1) 216(e), (f) Rep. 216a 9302(a), (b), (d) 216b(a)–(c) 9303 216b(d) 9305 216b(e) 9304 216c 9303 216d 9305 216e(a)–(c) 9308 216e(d) 2107 216e(e) 2106 216f 9302(c) 216g 9306 216h 9307 216i Rep. 221 8103 222 8101 223 8301 224 7101, 8101 224a 8303, 8304 224a(2) 7111 225 7106, 7109, 7113 226 7101, 7106, 7703 227 Rep. 228 7101, 7106, 7703 229 7101, 7106, 7703 229a 7101, 7103 229b 7101, 7103 229c 7106, 7108, 7318 229d Rep. 229e 7105 229f 7110 229g 7103, 7318 229h Rep. 230 7112 231 7105 232 7110 233 7109 234 3315 235 8104 236 8103 237, 238 Rep. 239 6101, 6301, 7703 239(d) 6303 239(e) 6304, 7705 239(f) 6304 239(g) 6305, 7701 239(i) 6306 239(j) 6301, 6307 239(k) 6305 239a(a) 7503(a), 7704(a) 239a(b) 2101(34) 239a(c) 7302 239b(a) 7503(b) 239b(b) 7704(b), (c) 240 7703 241 8304 242 7101, 7102, 8302(a)–(d) 243 7101, 7104, 7107, 7108 244 7101, 7105 245 8302(g), (h) 246(a) 8302(a)–(d) 246(b) Rep. 246(c) 7703 247 7101 248 8302 249–249c Rep. 251–251b 46 App. 252–261 Rep. 262 46 App. 263–276 Rep. 277 46 App. 278–288 Rep. 289–292 46 App. 293–293b Rep. 294–315 Rep. 316 46 App. 317, 318 Rep. 319–324 46 App. 325 Rep. 326–328 46 App. 329, 330 Rep. 331 2110 332–335 Rep. 336 46 App. 351–353 Rep. 354, 355 46 App. 361 2101(16), (37) 362 2109, 3301(9), 3314 362(a) 3303 362(b) 3504 362(c) 3505 363 2109 364 8502 365 Rep. 366 3306 367 2101(16), (33), 2303, 3301(7), 3302 369 3305, 3306, 3316 369(b) 3503 369(e) 3318 371 Rep. 372 2103 373–374a Rep. 375 3306 376–382a–1 Rep. 382b 2104, 2111, 2112 382b–1 3317(b) 382c–385 Rep. 390 3302, 3304 390(a) 2101(21)(B) 390(b) 2101(35) 390(d) 2101(34) 390(e) 2101(13) 390(f) 2101(27) 390(g) 2101(30) 390(h) 2101(28) 390(i) 2101(29) 390a 3301(4), (5), (8), 3305 390a(a) 3307(2) 390a(b) 3317(a), 7114 390b 3306, 8901, 8902 390c 3303(a), 3309, 3311 390c(b), (c) 3313 390d 2106, 3318(a), 8906 390e–390g Rep. 391 3301(1), (4), (9), 3304, 3305 391(b) 3307(3) 391(c) 2101(22), 3307(1) 391(e) 3302 391a 3301(10), 3702, 8502 391a(2)(A) 2101(9) 391a(2)(B) 2101(12) 391a(2)(C) 2101(14) 391a(2)(D) 2101(15) 391a(2)(E) 2101(20) 391a(2)(F) 3701(4) 391a(2)(G) 2101(24) 391a(2)(H) 2101(5) 391a(2)(I) 2101(34) 391a(2)(J) 3701(5) 391a(2)(K) 3701(6) 391a(2)(L) 2101(46) 391a(2)(M) 2101(38) 391a(2)(N) 2101(8) 391a(2)(O) 2101(23) 391a(2)(P) 3701(2) 391a(2)(Q) 3701(3) 391a(2)(R) 3701(1) 391a(2)(S) 2101(7) 391a(3) 2101(39), 2301, 3303, 3702(a) 391a(4) 2109 391a(4)(B) 8703(c) 391a(5) 3702 391a(6) 3703 391a(7) 3704–3709 391a(8) 3309, 3313 391a(8)(A) 3710, 3712 391a(8)(B) 3711, 3712 391a(8)(C) 3711 391a(8)(D) 3710 391a(8)(E) 3710, 3711 391a(9) 9102 391a(10)(A) 8703(a) 391a(10)(B) 9101(b) 391a(10)(C) 7317, 8703(b) 391a(10)(D) Rep. See 7701 et seq. 391a(11) 9101(a) 391a(12) 3703 391a(13) 3713 391a(14) 2107, 3718 391a(14)(C) 2106 391a(15) 3714 391a(16) 3717 391a(17) 3715 391a(18) 3716 391b Rep. 392 3304–3306 392(b) 3307(3) 393, 394 Rep. 395 3301(6), 3305, 3311 395(d) 3309 395(e) 2101(32) 396, 397 Rep. 398 3318 399 3309, 3311, 3314 400 3312 401, 402 Rep. 403 3318 404 2101(13), (16), (17), 3301(1), 3302, 3306, 3307 404–1 3301(3), 3305, 3501 404–1(1) 2101(19) 404–1(4) 2101(21)(C) 404–1(6) 3307(2), (3) 404–1(8) 8301 404a Rep. 405 2101(40), 3301(9), 3305 405(b) 8104 405(b)(1)(A) 2101(34) 405(b)(2) 8904 405(b)(3) 8905(b) 406 3305 407 3305, 3318 408 3305, 3306, 3318 409 Rep. 410 3318 411, 412 3306 413 3318 414 3310, 7502 415 Rep. 416 2104, 3306 417 (See former 416) 418, 419 Rep. 420 3302, 3306 431–434 Rep. 435 3308, 3313 436 2106, 3318 437–440 Rep. 441 46 App. 441(1) 2101(18) 441(2) 2101(31) 442 3302 443 46 App. 444 8701 444 46 App. 445 2113, 3306 446–446c 46 App. 446d 8101 451 3501 452 3501(b), (c) 453 2113 454–457 T. 33 §§ 1233–1236 458 Rep. 459 3306 460, 460a, 461 3502 462 2106, 3501, 3502 463, 463a, 464 Rep. 465 (See former 170) 466 Rep. 466a 3901 466b 3902 467–469 Rep. 470, 471 8102 472 Rep. 473 3306 474–476 Rep. 477–479 3306 480 2301 481 2106, 3306 481(a) 2101(34) 481(c) 2106 481(d) 3318 482, 483 3306 484–488 Rep. 489 3306 490 Rep. 491 46 App. 492 3506 493–496 Rep. 497 2106, 3318, 8502 498 Rep. 511–522 Rep. 526 2101(43) 526a–526d Rep. 526e 4102(b) 526f Rep. 526g 4102(a) 526h 4103 526i 4102(c) 526j 4102(d) 526k–526n Rep. 526o 2106, 2107, 4106 526p 2107, 3306, 4104 526q–526t Rep. 526u 4101 527–527h Rep. 531 10601 532 Rep. See 11501 533, 534 10602 541–542a Rep. 543 2104 544, 545 Rep. 546 10102 547–549 Rep. 561, 562 Rep. 563 11110 564 10301, 10302 565 10305 566 10301 567, 568 10321 569 10309 570 10308 571 10321 572, 573 Rep. 574 10301, 10501, 10502 575 10508 576 10509 577 10307 578 11107 579 Rep. 591 10313(a) 592 10313(b) 593 10313(b) 594 10313(c) 595 10313(d) 596 10313(e)–(i), 10504 597 2101(12), 10313(e)–(i), 10504 598 10313(e), 10504(a), (d), 10505(d) 599 2101(12), 10314, 10315, 10505, 10506 599(g) 10316 600 10317 601 11108, 11109 602 11111 603–608, 611 Rep. 621 10701, 10702 622 10703 623 10711 624 10704, 10705 625 10706 626 10707 627 10709 628 10708, 10710 641, 642 10310 643 8701, 8702, 10102(c), 10311, 10503 643(a) 7302, 7303, 7318 643(b) 7304 643(c) 7302, 10306 643(e) 10311 643(f) 7319, 7502 643(h) 7501 643(l) 7316, 10103 643a 8701 643b Rep. 644 10312(a), (b), (d)–(f) 645, 646, 651 Rep. 652 10312(c) 653 10901, 10902(a), 10907 654 10901, 10903(a), (b) 655 10901, 10904 656 10901, 10905 657 10905 658 10901, 10906, 10908 659 10903(c) 660 10903(d) 660–1 11101 660a 3305, 3308 660b 3308 661 10321 662 10902(b) 663 Rep. 664 10907 665 10321, 11106(b)–(d) 666 11102(a) 667 11102(b) 668, 669 Rep. 670, 671 11103 672 8701, 8702 672(a) 2101(34) 672(b) 7306 672(b)(1) 7307 672(b)(2) 7308 672(b)(3) 7309, 7310 672(b)(4) 7311 672(c) 7301, 7315 672(d) 8702(d) 672(e) 8702(b), (c) 672(f) 7312 672(g) 7313, 7314 672(h) 8103 672(i) 7302 672(j) 2106, 8702(e) 672–1, 672–2 Rep. 672a 8103 672b, 672b–1, 672c Rep. 673 8104 674–677 Rep. 678 11104(a) 679 11104(b)–(d) 680, 681 Rep. 682 10318, 10507 683 10318, 10507 684 11105 685 11106(a) 686, 687 Rep. 688 46 App. 689 2103, 2104 690 8103 691 Sec. 2(f) of Pub. L. 98–89 692 Rep. 701 11501 702 11502 703 11503 704 T. 18 § 2196 705 11504 706 11505 707 10319 708 T. 18 § 2279 709 Rep. 710 11506 710a Rep. 710b (See former 239a) 710c (See former 239b) 711 Rep. 712 11507 713 10101, 10303, 10304 721–727 46 App. 728 2304 729–731 46 App. 732–735 Rep. 738, 738a 46 App. 738b Rep. 738c 46 App. 738d Rep. 740–752 46 App. 761, 762 46 App. 763 Rep. 763a–768 46 App. 781–790 46 App. 791–799 Rep. 801–803 46 App. 804 Rep. 804a 46 App. 805–807 Rep. 808 46 App. 808(4th par.) 31328 809–810a Rep. 811 46 App. 812–817c Rep. 817d, 817e 46 App. 818–832 Rep. 833 46 App. 833a Rep. 834–837 46 App. 838 31306 839 46 App. 840–841c Rep. 842 46 App. 843–848 Rep. 861 46 App. 862–864 Rep. 864, 864b 46 App. 865–869 46 App. 870–870d Rep. 871, 872 46 App. 873, 874 Rep. 875–877 46 App. 878–880 Rep. 881 3305, 3316, 12119 882 3304 883–885 46 App. 886 Rep. 887–889 46 App. 891 46 App. 891a Rep. 891b, 891c 46 App. 891d–891r Rep. 891s, 891t Rep. 891u–891x 46 App. 891y Rep. 911(1), (2) 30101(1) 911(3) Rep. 911(4) 30101(1) 911(5) 31301(3) 921 31321(a)(1), (e) 922(a), (b) 31322(a)(1) 922(b) 31301(6)(A) 922(c), (d) Rep. 922(e), (f) 31322(c) 923 31324 924 31323(a), (b) 925 31343 925(b) 31321(f), (h) 926(a), (b) 31321(b) 926(c) Rep. 926(d) 31322(b) 927 31302(1), (2) 941(a) Rep. 941(b) (1st sentence) 31330(a), (c) 941(b) (last sentence) 31323(c) 941(c) 31304 951 (1st par.) 31325(a), (b)(1), (c), (d) 951 (2d par. less proviso) 31301(6)(B) 951 (2d par. proviso) 31326(b)(2) 952 (1st, 2d sentences) 31325(e) 952 (last sentence) 31308 953(a) 31301(5) 953(b) 31326(a), (b)(1) 954(a) 31325(b)(2) 954(b) 31303 961(a) Rep. 961(b) 31327 961(c) 31326(a) 961(d), (e) 31328 961(f) 31329 971 31342 972 31341 973 31341(a) 974 31305 975 31307 981–984 Rep. 1011 Rep. 1012 31321(a)(2) 1013, 1014 Rep. 1101 46 App. 1111–1111a 46 App. 1111b, 1111c Rep. 1112 46 App. 1113 Rep. 1114–1119 46 App. 1119a, 1119b Rep. 1120–1125a 46 App. 1126 Rep. 1126–1 46 App. 1126a, 1126a–1 Rep. 1126b, 1126b–1 Rep. 1126c, 1126d Rep. 1127–1128h Rep. 1131 46 App. 1132 8103 1132(a) 7102 1132(g) 8302 1141–1144 Rep. 1145 Rep. 1151–1155 46 App. 1155a Rep. 1156–1161 46 App. 1171–1181 46 App. 1182 Rep. 1183–1185 46 App. 1191–1205 46 App. 1206 Rep. 1211–1213 46 App. 1214 Rep. 1221 Rep. 1222, 1223 46 App. 1224, 1225 Rep. 1226–1228 46 App. 1241–1242 46 App. 1242–1 Rep. 1242a 46 App. 1243 Rep. 1244, 1245 46 App. 1246 Rep. 1247, 1248 46 App. 1251–1262 Rep. 1271–1275 46 App. 1276–1279 Rep. 1279a 46 App. 1279b Rep. 1279c–1295e 46 App. 1295f(a), (b) 46 App. 1295f(c) 2101(17), 3301(2), 3306, 3307(1) 1295f(d)(1) 46 App. 1295f(d)(2), (3) 3318(g) 1295g(a)–(d) 46 App. 1295g(e)(1) 2101(17) 1295g(e)(2)–(5) Rep. 1300–1315 46 App. 1331–1341 Rep. 1351–1364 Rep. 1381–1388 Rep. 1401–1413 Rep. 1451 Rep. 1452(1)(A), (B) 2101(25) 1452(1)(C) 2101(42) 1452(2) 2101(45) 1452(3) 2101(41) 1452(5) 2101(21)(D) 1452(7) 2101(26) 1452(8) 2101(1) 1452(9) 2101(34) 1452(10) 2102(2) 1452(11) 2102(1) 1452(12) 2102(4) 1452(13) 2102(5) 1452(14) 2102(3) 1453 4105, 4301 1454, 1455 4302 1456 4302(a)(3) 1457 4303 1458 4305 1459 4306 1460 4304, 4306 1461(a) 4307(a) 1461(b) 4311(f) 1461(c) 4307(b) 1461(d) 2302(a), (b) 1461(e) 8903 1461(f) 8903, 8905(a) 1462 4308 1463 4309 1464 4310 1464(g) 4302 1465 2303 1466 12301 1467 12302 1468 12303 1469 12304 1470 12305 1471 12306 1472 12307 1473 12308 1474 13101 1475 13102 1476 13103 1477 13104 1478 13105 1479 13106 1479a 13107 1480 13108 1481 13109 1482 13110 1483 2302(b), 4311(a), 12309(a) 1484(a) 4311(b) 1484(b) 2106, 2302(a), (c), 4311(c), 12309(b) 1484(c) 2107 1484(d) 4311(d), 12309(c) 1485 2305, 4311(e) 1486 6101, 6102 1487 Rep. 1488 4302 1489 4311(g) 1501–1507 46 App. 1508 Rep. 1601–1605 46 App. 1606 Rep. 1607–1610 46 App. 1707a Rep. 1717 Rep. 1720 Rep. 1721 Rep.

Enacting Clauses

Pub. L. 100–710, title I, § 102(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4738, provided that: “Certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to definitions and maritime commercial instruments and liens, are revised, consolidated, and enacted by paragraph (3) of this subsection [probably means subsection (c) of this section] as subtitle III of title 46, United States Code, ‘Shipping’.”

Section 1 of Pub. L. 98–89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 500, provided in part that: “Certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to vessels and seamen, are revised, consolidated, and enacted as title 46, United States Code, ‘Shipping’ ”.

Construction

Section 105 of Pub. L. 100–710, title I, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4751, provided that:

“(a) A reference to a law replaced by section 102 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of this Act.

“(b) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by section 102 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision of this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(c) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by section 102 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision of this Act.

“(d) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the caption or catch line of a provision enacted by section 102 of this Act.

“(e) If a provision of this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications.”

Section 5103 (a)–(f) of Pub. L. 99–509, title V, subtitle B, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1927, provided that:

“(a) Laws effective after January 1, 1986, that are inconsistent with this subtitle supersede this subtitle to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) A reference to a law replaced by this subtitle, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of this subtitle.

“(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by this subtitle continues in effect under the corresponding provision of this subtitle until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by this subtitle is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision of this subtitle.

“(e) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the caption or catch line of a provision enacted by this subtitle.

“(f) If a provision enacted by this subtitle is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this subtitle is held invalid in one or more of its applications, the provision remains in effect in all valid applications that are severable from the invalid application or applications.”

Section 2 (a)–(f) of Pub. L. 98–89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 598, provided that:

“(a) Laws effective after December 31, 1982, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.

“(b) A reference to a law replaced by this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of this Act.

“(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision of this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

“(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision of this Act.

“(e) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the caption or catch line of a provision enacted by this Act.

“(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in one or more of its applications, the provision remains in effect in all valid applications that are severable from the invalid application or applications.”

Codification of Shipping and Maritime Laws by Federal Maritime Commission and Secretary of Transportation

Section 2(j) of Pub. L. 98–89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599, provided that: “Within 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 26, 1983], the Federal Maritime Commission and the Secretary of Transportation each shall submit to Congress a proposed codification of the laws within their respective jurisdictions related to shipping and maritime matters.”

Repeals and Savings Provisions

Section 106(a) of Pub. L. 100–710, title I, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4752, provided that: “The repeal of a law by this title may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.”

Section 106(b) of Pub. L. 100–710, title I, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4752, repealed specified laws relating to shipping, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before the effective date of this title, which is Jan. 1, 1989, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 107 of Pub. L. 100–710, set out as a note under section 30101 of this title.

Section 5104(a) of Pub. L. 99–509, title V, subtitle B, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1928, provided that: “The repeal of a law by this subtitle may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.”

Section 5104(b) of Pub. L. 99–509, title V, subtitle B, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1928, repealed specified laws relating to shipping, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Oct. 21, 1986.

Section 4(a) of Pub. L. 98–89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599, provided that: “The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.”

Section 4(b) of Pub. L. 98–89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599, repealed specified laws relating to shipping, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Aug. 26, 1983, and except as provided by section 2 of Pub. L. 98–89, set out as notes above and notes under sections 3101, 3302, 3715, and 6301 of this title.